Search results for "Tall oil"
showing 10 items of 11 documents
Identification and Evaluation of Hazardous Pyrolysates in Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane-Polyisocyanurate Foam Smoke
2021
In this study, rigid polyurethane (PU) and polyisocyanurate (PIR) foam samples made from renewable material (tall oil fatty acid) based polyols were analyzed by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to obtain information about the full relative smoke content, with a focus on substance identification by their functional groups and hazardousness. The relative content of gaseous products produced during the thermal degradation was evaluated between the two samples, differenced by their assigned isocyanate (NCO) index value—150 and 300. The main thermal degradation components of the rigid PU-PIR foam were found to originate from the decomposition of isocyanate, primarily for…
Biobased Epoxy Resin by Electrochemical Modification of Tall Oil Fatty Acids
2019
A biobased epoxy resin was prepared from tall oil fatty acids (TOFAs), a byproduct of the pulping industry. As free carboxylic acids compromise resin stability, TOFA was subjected to non-Kolbe decarboxylation to give alkenes upon loss of CO2. Thereby, the degree of unsaturation is significantly increased. This electrosynthetic protocol using an undivided cell setup and inexpensive graphite electrodes in a galvanostatic operation mode was scaled to a 1.5 L reactor, making use of electric current as a green and waste-free reagent. Simple, cost-efficient epoxidation using oxone subsequently gives an epoxy resin of low viscosity. Curing with anhydrides yields thermoset materials. Dynamic mechan…
Novel concepts on the recovery of by-products from alkaline pulping
2016
Innovative biorefinery concepts were developed for the separation and utilization of organic materials, especially aliphatic carboxylic acids, lignin, and extractives, which are formed as by-products during wood-based alkaline delignification processes. The partial recovery of sodium as NaOH and aliphatic carboxylic acids from hardwood soda-AQ black liquor was studied via electrodialysis. The lignin was partly (about 59 % of the initial lignin) precipitated from black liquor by carbonation (pH to about 8.5) followed by electrodialysis or H2SO4 (pH to about 2), with subsequent precipitation of more lignin and the liberation of aliphatic acids. The Na2SO4 formed was successfully separated fro…
Microwave-assisted catalytic esterification of α-glucoisosaccharino-1,4-lactone with tall oil fatty acids
2016
Background: Carbohydrates-rich materials are partly degraded during alkaline kraft pulping into a complex mixture of aliphatic carboxylic acids consisting of α-glucoisosaccharinic acid as one of the main acids. On the other hand, crude tall oil, containing significant amounts fatty acids, is obtained as a by-product from kraft pulping. One interesting novel approach is to utilize chemically both these side-streams by producing renewable surfactants from aliphatic carboxylic acids and fatty acids via esterification. Results: In this paper, lauric (C12:0) and oleic (C18:1) acids as well as a mixture of tall oil fatty acids were esterified with α-glucoisosaccharino-1,4-lactone in a microwave-a…
Sterol stability in functional fruit beverages enriched with different plant sterol sources
2012
Abstract Two different plant sterol (PS) sources (free PS from tall oil and esterified PS from vegetable oils) were used for manufacturing two types of functional beverages (fruit and milk-based fruit beverages), and their PS and phytosterol oxidation product (POP) contents were determined. Gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) was used for identification and gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC–FID) for quantitation purposes. Brassicasterol, campesterol, campestanol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and sitostanol were the quantified PS, conforming a profile in order with current legislation. The relative percentages of PS differed according to the enrichment source…
Pyrolysis of vegetable oil soaps—Palm, olive, rapeseed and castor oils
2011
Abstract Saponified, palm, olive, rapeseed and castor oils were pyrolysed (at 750 °C for 20 s) by pyrolysis gas chromatography with mass selective and flame ionisation detection (Py-GC/MSD and FID) to clarify their thermochemical behaviours. The liquefiable compounds recovered from palm, olive and rapeseed oils mainly contained linear alkenes (up to C 19 ) and alkanes (up to C 17 ), both similar to those found in gasoline (C 4 –C 10 ) and diesel fuel (C 11 –C 22 ) boiling range fractions of petroleum, whereas in the case of castor oil a significant amount of undesired oxygen-containing products (e.g., ketones and phenols) were formed. The obtained data on reaction mechanisms can also be uti…
Microwave-Assisted Esterification of Tall Oil Fatty Acids with Methanol Using Lignin-Based Solid Catalyst
2016
During alkaline pulping significant amounts of lignin, carbohydrates (mostly hemicelluloses), and extractives (tall oil soap and turpentine) are removed from wood feedstock. In this study, the catalytic esterification of fatty acids in tall oil with methanol to produce fatty acid methyl esters under microwave irradiation was performed at 100 °C for 10–60 min. A novel heterogeneous acid catalyst tested for this purpose was synthesized from the hardwood alkali lignin that was precipitated by acidification from the black liquor from soda-AQ pulping. The comparative reaction data were obtained by using other solid catalysts, Amberlyst 15, and p-toluenesulfonic acid. The results showed the highe…
Pulp Mills and Wood-Based Biorefineries
2015
The pulp and paper industry is facing major challenges and will need to find more versatile products to remain competitive. Large amounts of both solid and liquid residues are formed in the production line from tree to paper. The utilization of various organics for other purposes other than fuel depends on conversion technologies and production scale as well as energy and pulp prices. With respect to this, chemical pulping processes, practically as the first industrial biorefineries in the world, still offer attractive possibilities in the form of new by-products. In this chapter, general aspects together with some selected examples on the integrated production of chemical wood-based fiber,…
Thermal degradation of highly crosslinked rigid PU-PIR foams based on high functionality tall oil polyol
2019
Abstract This study presents the development and analysis of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PU-PIR) foam synthesized from high functionality tall oil (TO) based polyols. Three PU-PIR formulations with varied high functionality TO based polyol content (45, 75 and 95 pbw) and a different tier of isocyanate (NCO) indexes (110, 150, 200, 300 and 400) for each formulation were compared to a formulation developed using conventional raw materials, mainly obtained from petrochemicals. Using the Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis (FTIR), the chemical structure of the foams was evaluated with emphasis on the characteristic PU-PIR signal ratio and isocyanurate signal peaks. The thermal…
TG/DTA-FTIR as a method for analysis of tall oil based rigid polyurethane foam decomposition gaseous products in a low oxygen environment
2020
Abstract This study is an investigation of the suitability of the thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis method coupled with Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (TG/DTA-FTIR) for a thermal degradation gaseous product analysis of a rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PU-PIR) foam synthesised from high functionality tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) based polyols. The FTIR spectra of the TG-generated gaseous thermal degradation products of three PU-PIR formulations with varied high functionality TO based polyol content (45, 75 and 95 pbw) and a different tier of isocyanate (NCO) indexes (110, 150, 200, 300 and 400) for each formulation were compared to the spectra of a formulation …